On 25 February 2010 the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) sentenced Ephrem Setako to 25 years’ imprisonment for genocide, crimes against humanity and murder. Lieutenant Colonel Ephrem Setako was head of the division of legal affairs in the Rwanda Ministry of Defence in 1994.

The Trial Chamber found that Setako ordered the killings of 30 to 40 Tutsis on 25 April 1994 at Mukamira military camp in Ruhengeri prefecture and around 10 other Tutsis there on 11 May 1994. He was found guilty of genocide, crimes against humanity (extermination) and serious violations of Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol II (murder). Setako was acquitted of other charges of complicity to commit genocide, murder as a crime against humanity and pillage as a war crime.

Setako was arrested on 25 February 2004 in the Netherlands and transferred to the United Nations Detention Facility on 17 November 2004. The trial opened on 25 August 2008 and closed on 26 June 2009, after 60 trial days. The Prosecution presented 21 witnesses and the Defence 34, including Setako. Closing arguments were heard on 5 and 6 November 2009.